BUSHBURY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Before the Great War When the new century opened most of the population at the western end of Bushbury earned their living either from employment by the railway companies or the Electric Construction Company, and the centre of life in the parish was established at the junction of Bushbury Lane and Stafford Road. A service of trams from here into Wolverhampton was started in 1905, and by 1912 the railway passenger service from Bushbury was little used and the station was closed. In 1902 at the Wolverhampton Art and Industrial Exhibition, held in the West Park the Electrical Construction Company was one of the principal contributors.
In July 1907 there was a further expansion of railway activity in the parish when the Great Western company opened their new sheds at Oxley, at the western end of the Gorsebrook viaduct at the extreme south of the parish in the area, known as Saltmore in earlier times. This installation was considerably larger than the LNW shed at Bushbury and there was an influx of men from other parts of the GW system, as far away as Devon and South Wales.
The Great War The effect of the Great War on the parish can best be illustrated by the War Memorial in the Parish Church, although it seems unlikely that the names listed there are the total number of men from the parish who died. Reminders of life on the Western Front, if they were needed, were the ambulance trains bringing wounded men from France, which were routed from the GW system at Cannock Road up onto the Grand Junction line, and so to hospitals in the north of England, over the same route as that used by Queen Victoria in the 1860s. Another reminder was the training of young horses for pulling gun limbers on the slopes of Bushbury Hill, a far cry from the Phillips family and their race horses in the previous century.
New factories, new employment Soon before the war started another factory had been established at Oxley on the Stafford Road. Messrs. Macfarlane and Robinson built a plant for the production of enamel hollowware, which was used during the war for shell inspection, but it did not survive the early post-war depression and closed in 1926. The premises were bought by the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company in 1927, an enterprise which continued to expand until it employed 1700 people in 1939.
Near the eastern end of the parish, the sinking of the new Hilton Main Colliery in Shareshill parish, which started in December 1919, provided work for many Essington men, and by the time the Holly Bank Colliery closed in 1927, most of its employees found work at Hilton Main, which survived with a change of ownership in 1932, to be nationalised after the Second World War and finally closed only in 1969.
Also in the nineteen twenties, two motor manufacturing companies built plants in the parish. In 1922 the Star Engineering Co. of Frederick Street Wolverhampton bought 22 acres of land in Showell Road. For the first few years bodies only were built here but, following the acquisition of the business by Sidney Guy in 1928, plans were made to transfer all production to Bushbury. Two luxury models of 18 and 21 horsepower were produced, the Comet and Planet respectively, followed by a smaller 14 H.P. Comet. But by 1932 the worst effects of the general trade depression were felt and the company was forced to close. The factory stood idle for several years until reopened by Manley and Regulus Ltd. makers of water fittings, taps, etc., now part of the Delta Metals Group.
In 1927, in Fourth Avenue, Low Hill, the Clyno Engineering company moved from their factory in Pelham Street Wolverhampton, to mass-produce their lightweight 9 and 11 horsepower motor cars, but were unable to survive the intense competition from the larger Austin and Morris companies and closed in 1932. The factory was vacant for several years until the Britool company (associated with John Shaw and Co. Ltd.) reopened it for the production of hand tools.
Although conditions for the predominantly working class population in the 1920s and 30s were not easy, and there was some unemployment, there was never the widespread poverty known in other parts of the country. This was due in the main to the Wolverhampton area not being dependent on any one particular industry, and by the late 1930s as companies like the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company and Guy Motors expanded production unemployment was considerably reduced.
New housing, new transport In March 1925 the tram service from Wolverhampton was replaced by single deck trolley buses to Oxley (later extended to Fordhouses), and following the raising of the bridge under the GW main line on Stafford Road in 1936 double deck buses were used. These served the people living in the new council houses at Oxley, as well as the ribbon development' along the Stafford road to Fordhouses.
By far the greatest change of the 1920s however was the building of the Low Hill estate of council houses in the parish. 101 acres of land were purchased from the Showell Estate and a further 232 acres from the Low Hill Bushbury Estate Company. Low Hill House, and later Showell Farm were demolished, and by 1927 nearly 2000 houses had been built by various contractors for Wolverhampton Corporation. A complete new road system was laid down obliterating the old bridleways which had linked Showell Farm, Low Hill House, Bushbury Hill Farm and Oldfallings.
Most of the new residents came from other parts of Wolverhampton and were employed outside the parish. New bus services were started, double deck trolley buses ran from Stafford Street down Cannock Road to Park lane, First Avenue, Showell Circus and Bushbury Hill. A service of motor buses also ran from the junction of Tenth and Sixteenth avenues via Bushbury Lane, Stafford Road, Gorsebrook Road and Chapel Ash to the `Fighting Cocks' on Sedgley Road. More council houses were built in the 1930s, between Bushbury Lane and Fordhouse Road and in Three Tuns Lane, and several hundred houses were built by private developers in the Elston Hall and Marsh Lane areas. A branch library was established in Showell Circus in 1932, followed by the Community Hall nearby in 1937. New parishes, new churches By the early 1920s the population of the parish had grown to such an extent that the old ecclesiastical parish of 'Bushbury with Essington' was far too large, and it was therefore divided. A new church of St. John the Evangelist was built at Essington and consecrated in 1933. St. Aidan's Mission Room at Newtown had been opened in 1931. Also in Bushbury parish itself, new church accommodation was urgently needed for the ever expanding population. In 1929 the Mission of the Good Shepherd was built in Second Avenue in Low Hill. A timber framed building clad with asbestos, it did sterling service both as church and mission room for social occasions until it was destroyed by fire in 1946. In 1932 the Church of the Epiphany was built on Stafford Road at Oxley, and another separate parish established out of the area served by the mother church. The Second World War The first direct impact of the Second World War in the parish was the arrival at the end of May 1940 of trainloads of exhausted men from Dunkirk. The green Southern Railway coaches travelled up from the G.W. Junction at Cannock road, and as they waited for the London Midland engine from Bushbury sheds, the people from the Showell Road area brought jugs of tea and sandwiches, until the trains moved on to the north. The parish was fortunate, like most of Wolverhampton, to escape heavy bombing, unlike Birmingham and Coventry. Late in 1941 a single German aircraft dropped some two kilogramme incendiary bombs on the council houses between Bushbury Hill and the `Pear Tree'; the empty `stick' fell in Elston Hall lane. There was some damage but no casualties. A much more spectacular conflagration had taken place on the 11th and 12th of March in the same year at the Britool factory in Fourth Avenue. A warehouse there was being used to store bales of crude rubber and sacks of carbon black for the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company, and about 7 p.m.. one evening a fire started which soon developed into a serious threat to the whole factory. Fire pumps were called in from other areas and by midnight about one hundred men were fighting the blaze. Water which was pumped up from Bushbury Pool ran back carrying liquid rubber and carbon black, a horrible mixture which had dire effects on the fish stocks. It was daybreak before the blaze was brought under control. In the fields to the north of Moseley Old Hall a new armaments factory started production in 1942, manufacturing armour piercing shells. The tungsten carbide heads were produced in one part, run by Hard Metal Tools Ltd. of Coventry, and the explosive and propellants filled in another run by the Royal Ordnance Department. To serve the factory a new road was cut from the Old Stafford Road at Cross Green to the Cannock Road at Featherstone. The development also included a hostel for employees at "Brinsford Lodge".
After the war There were the usual celebrations and street parties at the end of the war. Slowly the surviving servicemen began to come home. More new houses were built:, and the parish, now with a population several hundred times larger than that of 1550, took its place in the "consumer society" which was to develop in the second half of the twentieth century.
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